	{"id":132194,"date":"2024-10-07T17:22:46","date_gmt":"2024-10-07T16:22:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=132194"},"modified":"2024-11-07T15:43:20","modified_gmt":"2024-11-07T15:43:20","slug":"choice-learn-large-scale-choice-modeling-for-operational-contexts-through-the-lens-of-machine-learning","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/fr\/blog\/choice-learn-large-scale-choice-modeling-for-operational-contexts-through-the-lens-of-machine-learning\/","title":{"rendered":"Choice-Learn : Mod\u00e9lisation de choix \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle pour des contextes op\u00e9rationnels \u00e0 travers le prisme de l'apprentissage automatique"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--link_color: var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:calc( 1440px + 20px );margin-left: calc(-20px \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-20px \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:10px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:10px;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:10px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:10px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:10px;--awb-spacing-left-small:10px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 description\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;--awb-text-font-style:normal;--awb-text-font-weight:400;\"><p><strong>Auriau, Vincent, Ali Aouad, Antoine D\u00e9sir et Emmanuel Malherbe. \u201cChoice-Learn : Large-scale choice modeling for operational contexts through the lens of machine learning\u201d. Journal of Open Source Software 9, no. 101 (2024) : 6899.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><article class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--link_color: var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:calc( 1440px + 20px );margin-left: calc(-20px \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-20px \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:10px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:10px;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:10px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:10px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:10px;--awb-spacing-left-small:10px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat fusion-button-default-size button-default fusion-button-default button-1 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/joss.theoj.org\/papers\/10.21105\/joss.06899\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">Lire l'article <\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\">Introduction<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Les mod\u00e8les de choix discrets visent \u00e0 pr\u00e9dire les d\u00e9cisions de choix prises par des individus \u00e0 partir d'un menu d'alternatives, appel\u00e9 assortiment. Parmi les cas d'utilisation bien connus, on peut citer la pr\u00e9vision du choix d'un mode de transport par un navetteur ou des achats d'un client. Les mod\u00e8les de choix sont capables de g\u00e9rer les variations de l'assortiment, lorsque certaines alternatives deviennent indisponibles ou lorsque leurs caract\u00e9ristiques changent dans diff\u00e9rents contextes. Cette adaptabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents sc\u00e9narios permet \u00e0 ces mod\u00e8les d'\u00eatre utilis\u00e9s comme donn\u00e9es d'entr\u00e9e pour les probl\u00e8mes d'optimisation, y compris la planification de l'assortiment ou la fixation des prix.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Choice-Learn fournit une suite modulaire d'outils de mod\u00e9lisation des choix pour les praticiens et les chercheurs universitaires afin de traiter les choix data, puis de formuler, d'estimer et d'op\u00e9rationnaliser les mod\u00e8les de choix. La biblioth\u00e8que est structur\u00e9e en deux niveaux d'utilisation, comme l'illustre la figure 1. Le niveau sup\u00e9rieur est con\u00e7u pour une mise en \u0153uvre rapide et facile et le niveau inf\u00e9rieur permet des param\u00e9trages plus avanc\u00e9s. Cette structure, inspir\u00e9e des diff\u00e9rents points de terminaison de Keras (Chollet et al., 2015), permet une interface conviviale. Choice-Learn est con\u00e7u avec les objectifs suivants :<\/p>\n<\/div><ul style=\"--awb-line-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-width:27.2px;--awb-icon-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-margin:11.2px;--awb-content-margin:38.4px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-1 fusion-checklist-default type-icons paddingList dark-text\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong>Rationalisation :<\/strong> Le traitement des ensembles data et l'estimation des mod\u00e8les de choix standard sont facilit\u00e9s par une signature de code simple qui est compatible avec les progiciels d'apprentissage automatique courants tels que scikit-learn (Pedregosa et al., 2011).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong>\u00c9volutif :<\/strong> Des processus optimis\u00e9s sont mis en \u0153uvre pour le stockage des data et l'estimation des mod\u00e8les, ce qui permet d'utiliser de grands ensembles de data et des mod\u00e8les avec un grand nombre de param\u00e8tres.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong>Flexible :<\/strong> La base de code peut \u00eatre personnalis\u00e9e pour s'adapter \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents cas d'utilisation.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong>Biblioth\u00e8que des mod\u00e8les :<\/strong> Le m\u00eame paquet fournit des impl\u00e9mentations de mod\u00e8les de choix standard et de m\u00e9thodes bas\u00e9es sur l'apprentissage automatique, y compris les r\u00e9seaux neuronaux.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong>Op\u00e9rations en aval :<\/strong> Les outils de post-traitement qui exploitent les mod\u00e8les de choix pour la planification de l'assortiment et la fixation des prix sont int\u00e9gr\u00e9s dans la biblioth\u00e8que.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Les principales contributions sont r\u00e9sum\u00e9es dans les tableaux 1 et 2.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1193\" height=\"547\" title=\"choix_apprendre_les_niveaux\" src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-142724\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271193%27%20height%3D%27547%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201193%20547%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271193%27%20height%3D%27547%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels-200x92.png 200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels-400x183.png 400w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels-600x275.png 600w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels-800x367.png 800w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels.png 1193w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1193px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2020\" height=\"504\" title=\"Capture d&#039;\u00e9cran 2024-10-07 \u00e0 14.12.15\" src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-142726\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272020%27%20height%3D%27504%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202020%20504%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272020%27%20height%3D%27504%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15-200x50.png 200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15-400x100.png 400w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15-600x150.png 600w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15-800x200.png 800w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15-1200x299.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15.png 2020w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 2020px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2020\" height=\"852\" title=\"Capture d&#039;\u00e9cran 2024-10-07 \u00e0 14.12.30\" src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-142725\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272020%27%20height%3D%27852%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202020%20852%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272020%27%20height%3D%27852%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30-200x84.png 200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30-400x169.png 400w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30-600x253.png 600w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30-800x337.png 800w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30-1200x506.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30.png 2020w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 2020px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\">D\u00e9claration de besoin<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-3 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\">Data et \u00e9volutivit\u00e9 du mod\u00e8le<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>La gestion de data de Choice-Learn repose sur NumPy (Harris et al., 2020) dans le but de limiter l'empreinte m\u00e9moire. Il minimise la r\u00e9p\u00e9tition des \u00e9l\u00e9ments ou des caract\u00e9ristiques des clients et reporte la jointure de la structure compl\u00e8te de data jusqu'au traitement des lots de data. Le progiciel introduit l'objet FeaturesStorage, illustr\u00e9 \u00e0 la figure 2, qui permet de r\u00e9f\u00e9rencer les valeurs des caract\u00e9ristiques uniquement par leur ID. Ces valeurs sont substitu\u00e9es \u00e0 l'ID \u00e0 la vol\u00e9e dans le processus de mise en lots. Par exemple, les caract\u00e9ristiques des supermarch\u00e9s, telles que la surface ou la position, sont souvent stationnaires. Elles peuvent donc \u00eatre stock\u00e9es dans une structure data auxiliaire et, dans l'ensemble data principal, le magasin o\u00f9 le choix est enregistr\u00e9 n'est r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9 que par son ID.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Le package s'appuie sur Tensorflow (Abadi et al., 2015) pour l'estimation du mod\u00e8le, offrant la possibilit\u00e9 d'utiliser un algorithme d'optimisation rapide de type quasi-Newton tel que L-BFGS (Nocedal &amp; Wright, 2006) ainsi que divers optimiseurs de descente de gradient (Kingma &amp; Ba, 2017 ; Tieleman &amp; Hinton, 2012) sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s dans le traitement de lots de data. L'utilisation du GPU est \u00e9galement possible, ce qui peut s'av\u00e9rer \u00eatre un gain de temps. Enfin, l'\u00e9pine dorsale TensorFlow garantit une utilisation efficace dans un environnement de production, par exemple au sein d'un logiciel de recommandation d'assortiment, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des outils de d\u00e9ploiement et de service, tels que TFLite et TFServing.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1534\" height=\"1076\" title=\"caract\u00e9ristiques_storage_3\" src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-142723\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271534%27%20height%3D%271076%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201534%201076%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271534%27%20height%3D%271076%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3-200x140.png 200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3-400x281.png 400w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3-600x421.png 600w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3-800x561.png 800w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3-1200x842.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3.png 1534w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1534px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-4 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\">Utilisation flexible : De l'utilit\u00e9 lin\u00e9aire \u00e0 la sp\u00e9cification personnalis\u00e9e<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Les mod\u00e8les de choix qui suivent le principe de la maximisation de l'utilit\u00e9 al\u00e9atoire (McFadden &amp; Train, 2000) d\u00e9finissent l'utilit\u00e9 d'une alternative \ud835\udc56 \u2208 \ud835\udc9c comme la somme d'une partie d\u00e9terministe \ud835\udc48 (\ud835\udc56) et d'une erreur al\u00e9atoire \ud835\udf16\ud835\udc56. Si l'on suppose que les termes (\ud835\udf16\ud835\udc56)\ud835\udc56\u2208\ud835\udc9c sont ind\u00e9pendants et distribu\u00e9s par Gumbel, la probabilit\u00e9 de choisir l'alternative \ud835\udc56 peut s'\u00e9crire comme la normalisation softmax sur les alternatives disponibles \ud835\udc57 \u2208 \ud835\udc9c :<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"110\" title=\"Capture d&#039;\u00e9cran 2024-10-07 142150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-142150.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-142150-300x110.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-142727\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27750%27%20height%3D%27274%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20750%20274%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27750%27%20height%3D%27274%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-142150-200x73.png 200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-142150-400x146.png 400w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-142150-600x219.png 600w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-142150.png 750w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Le travail du mod\u00e9lisateur de choix consiste \u00e0 formuler une fonction d'utilit\u00e9 ad\u00e9quate \ud835\udc48 (.) en fonction du contexte. Dans Choice-Learn, l'utilisateur peut param\u00e9trer des mod\u00e8les pr\u00e9d\u00e9finis ou sp\u00e9cifier librement une fonction d'utilit\u00e9 personnalis\u00e9e. Pour d\u00e9clarer un mod\u00e8le personnalis\u00e9, il faut h\u00e9riter de la classe ChoiceModel et \u00e9craser la m\u00e9thode compute_batch_utility comme indiqu\u00e9 dans la documentation.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-5 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\">Biblioth\u00e8que de mod\u00e8les d'utilit\u00e9 al\u00e9atoire traditionnels et de mod\u00e8les bas\u00e9s sur l'apprentissage automatique<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Les mod\u00e8les de choix param\u00e9triques traditionnels, y compris le Logit conditionnel (Train et al., 1987), sp\u00e9cifient souvent la fonction d'utilit\u00e9 sous une forme lin\u00e9aire. Cela permet d'obtenir des coefficients interpr\u00e9tables mais limite le pouvoir pr\u00e9dictif du mod\u00e8le. Des travaux r\u00e9cents proposent l'estimation de mod\u00e8les plus complexes, avec des approches par r\u00e9seaux de neurones (Aouad &amp; D\u00e9sir, 2022 ; Han et al., 2022) et des mod\u00e8les \u00e0 base d'arbres (Aouad et al., 2023 ; Salvad\u00e9 &amp; Hillel, 2024). Alors que les biblioth\u00e8ques de choix existantes (Bierlaire, 2023 ; Brathwaite &amp; Walker, 2018 ; Du et al., 2023) ne sont souvent pas con\u00e7ues pour int\u00e9grer de telles approches bas\u00e9es sur l'apprentissage automatique, Choice-Learn propose une collection incluant les deux types de mod\u00e8les.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-6 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\">Op\u00e9rations en aval : Optimisation de l'assortiment et des prix<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Choice-Learn offre des outils suppl\u00e9mentaires pour les op\u00e9rations en aval, qui ne sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas int\u00e9gr\u00e9s dans les biblioth\u00e8ques de mod\u00e9lisation des choix. En particulier, l'optimisation de l'assortiment est un cas d'utilisation courant qui s'appuie sur un mod\u00e8le de choix pour d\u00e9terminer le sous-ensemble optimal d'alternatives \u00e0 proposer aux clients en maximisant un certain objectif, tel que le revenu attendu, le taux de conversion ou le bien-\u00eatre social. Ce cadre englobe une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d'applications telles que la planification de l'assortiment, l'optimisation de l'emplacement des \u00e9talages et la fixation des prix. Nous fournissons des impl\u00e9mentations bas\u00e9es sur la formulation de programmation en nombres entiers mixtes d\u00e9crite dans (M\u00e9ndez-D\u00edaz et al., 2014), avec la possibilit\u00e9 de choisir le solveur entre Gurobi (Gurobi Optimization, LLC, 2023) et OR-Tools (Perron &amp; Furnon,2024).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-7 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\"><strong>Utilisation de la m\u00e9moire : une \u00e9tude de cas<\/strong><\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>La figure 3 (a) pr\u00e9sente des exemples num\u00e9riques d'utilisation de la m\u00e9moire afin de d\u00e9montrer l'efficacit\u00e9 de FeaturesStorage. Nous consid\u00e9rons une caract\u00e9ristique r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e dans un ensemble data, tel qu'un codage \u00e0 un coup pour les emplacements, repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par une matrice de forme (#locations, #locations) o\u00f9 chaque ligne se r\u00e9f\u00e8re \u00e0<br \/>\n\u00e0 un seul endroit.<br \/>\nNous comparons quatre m\u00e9thodes de traitement des data sur l'ensemble Expedia data (Ben Hamner et al., 2013) : pandas.DataFrames (The pandas development team, 2020) en format long et large, tous deux utilis\u00e9s dans les progiciels de mod\u00e9lisation des choix, Torch-Choice et Choice-Learn. La figure 3 (b) montre les<br \/>\npour diff\u00e9rentes tailles d'\u00e9chantillons.<br \/>\nEnfin, dans la figure 3 (c) et (d), nous observons des gains d'utilisation de la m\u00e9moire sur un ensemble dataset propri\u00e9taire dans le domaine de la vente au d\u00e9tail en magasin, consistant en l'agr\u00e9gation de plus de 4 milliards d'achats dans les supermarch\u00e9s Konzum en Croatie. En se concentrant sur la sous-cat\u00e9gorie du caf\u00e9, le dataset sp\u00e9cifie, pour chaque achat, quels produits \u00e9taient disponibles, leurs prix, ainsi qu'une repr\u00e9sentation \u00e0 un point du supermarch\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-6 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1010\" height=\"882\" title=\"comparaison de l&#039;utilisation de la ram\" src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-142722\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271010%27%20height%3D%27882%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201010%20882%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271010%27%20height%3D%27882%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison-200x175.png 200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison-400x349.png 400w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison-600x524.png 600w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison-800x699.png 800w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison.png 1010w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1010px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-margin-top:40px;--awb-margin-bottom:40px;--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-center fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:calc( 1440px + 20px );margin-left: calc(-20px \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-20px \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-center fusion-column-inner-bg-wrapper\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:40px;--awb-padding-right:40px;--awb-padding-bottom:40px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-overflow:hidden;--awb-inner-bg-position:left center;--awb-inner-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:rgba(10,17,40,0.1);--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-border-radius:4px 4px 4px 4px;--awb-inner-bg-border-radius:4px 4px 4px 4px;--awb-inner-bg-overflow:hidden;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:10px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:10px;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:10px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:10px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:10px;--awb-spacing-left-small:10px;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><span class=\"fusion-column-inner-bg hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-column-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/artefact-engineering-and-data-science\/modeling-customers-decisions-in-python-with-the-choice-learn-package-37752cb7932e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"fusion-column-inner-bg-image lazyload\" data-bg=\"https:\/\/artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/background.jpg\"><\/span><\/a><\/span><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-content-layout-column fusion-column-has-bg-image\" data-bg-url=\"https:\/\/artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/background.jpg\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-right:20px;--awb-margin-left:20px;--awb-max-width:150px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"72\" height=\"41\" title=\"moyen\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%2772%27%20height%3D%2741%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%2072%2041%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%2772%27%20height%3D%2741%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/medium.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-60927\"\/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-8 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:20px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;line-height:1.2;\">Moyen Blog par Artefact.<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:center;\"><p>Cet article a \u00e9t\u00e9 initialement publi\u00e9 sur Medium.com.<br \/>\nSuivez-nous sur notre Medium Blog !<\/p>\n<\/div><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-medium button-default fusion-button-default button-2 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" 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article<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les mod\u00e8les de choix discrets visent \u00e0 pr\u00e9dire les d\u00e9cisions de choix prises par des individus \u00e0 partir d'un menu d'alternatives, appel\u00e9 assortiment. Parmi les cas d'utilisation bien connus, on peut citer la pr\u00e9vision du choix d'un mode de transport par un navetteur ou des achats d'un client.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":143200,"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"blog-category":[21939],"blog-language":[2991,2993],"class_list":["post-132194","blog","type-blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","blog-category-medium","blog-language-en","blog-language-fr"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog\/132194","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/143200"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=132194"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"blog-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog-category?post=132194"},{"taxonomy":"blog-language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog-language?post=132194"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}