	{"id":132194,"date":"2024-10-07T17:22:46","date_gmt":"2024-10-07T16:22:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=132194"},"modified":"2024-11-07T15:43:20","modified_gmt":"2024-11-07T15:43:20","slug":"choice-learn-large-scale-choice-modeling-for-operational-contexts-through-the-lens-of-machine-learning","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/nl\/blog\/choice-learn-large-scale-choice-modeling-for-operational-contexts-through-the-lens-of-machine-learning\/","title":{"rendered":"Keuze-leren: Grootschalige keuzemodellering voor operationele contexten door de lens van machinaal leren"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--link_color: var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:calc( 1440px + 20px );margin-left: calc(-20px \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-20px \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:10px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:10px;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:10px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:10px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:10px;--awb-spacing-left-small:10px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 description\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;--awb-text-font-style:normal;--awb-text-font-weight:400;\"><p><strong>Auriau, Vincent, Ali Aouad, Antoine D\u00e9sir en Emmanuel Malherbe. \u201cKeuze-leren: Grootschalige keuzemodellering voor operationele contexten door de lens van machinaal leren.\u201d Tijdschrift voor Open Source Software 9, nr. 101 (2024): 6899.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><article class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--link_color: var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:calc( 1440px + 20px );margin-left: calc(-20px \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-20px \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:10px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:10px;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:10px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:10px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:10px;--awb-spacing-left-small:10px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat fusion-button-default-size button-default fusion-button-default button-1 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/joss.theoj.org\/papers\/10.21105\/joss.06899\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">Lees het artikel <\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\">Inleiding<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Discrete keuzemodellen zijn gericht op het voorspellen van keuzebeslissingen die individuen maken uit een menu van alternatieven, een zogenaamd assortiment. Bekende toepassingen zijn bijvoorbeeld het voorspellen van de keuze van een forens voor een bepaalde vervoerswijze of de aankopen van een klant. Keuzemodellen kunnen omgaan met variaties in het assortiment, wanneer sommige alternatieven niet meer beschikbaar zijn of wanneer hun kenmerken in verschillende contexten veranderen. Dankzij dit aanpassingsvermogen aan verschillende scenario's kunnen deze modellen worden gebruikt als input voor optimalisatieproblemen, waaronder assortimentsplanning of prijsstelling.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Choice-Learn biedt een modulaire suite van hulpmiddelen voor keuzemodellering waarmee praktijkmensen en academische onderzoekers data keuzes kunnen verwerken en vervolgens keuzemodellen kunnen formuleren, schatten en operationaliseren. De bibliotheek is gestructureerd in twee gebruiksniveaus, zoals ge\u00efllustreerd in figuur 1. Het hogere niveau is ontworpen voor snelle en eenvoudige implementatie en het lagere niveau maakt meer geavanceerde parameterisaties mogelijk. Deze structuur, ge\u00efnspireerd op de verschillende eindpunten van Keras (Chollet et al., 2015), maakt een gebruiksvriendelijke interface mogelijk. Choice-Learn is ontworpen met de volgende doelstellingen:<\/p>\n<\/div><ul style=\"--awb-line-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-width:27.2px;--awb-icon-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-margin:11.2px;--awb-content-margin:38.4px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-1 fusion-checklist-default type-icons paddingList dark-text\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong>Gestroomlijnd:<\/strong> De verwerking van datasets en de schatting van standaardkeuzemodellen worden vergemakkelijkt door een eenvoudige codehandtekening die overeenkomt met mainstream machine-learningpakketten zoals scikit-learn (Pedregosa et al., 2011).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong>Schaalbaar:<\/strong> Er worden geoptimaliseerde processen ge\u00efmplementeerd voor data opslag en modelschatting, waardoor het gebruik van grote datasets en modellen met een groot aantal parameters mogelijk wordt.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong>Flexibel:<\/strong> De codebase kan worden aangepast aan verschillende gebruikssituaties.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong>Modellenbibliotheek:<\/strong> Hetzelfde pakket biedt implementaties van zowel standaardkeuzemodellen als op machinaal leren gebaseerde methoden, waaronder neurale netwerken.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong>Stroomafwaartse activiteiten:<\/strong> In de bibliotheek zijn nabewerkingstools ge\u00efntegreerd die keuzemodellen gebruiken voor assortimentsplanning en prijsstelling.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>De belangrijkste bijdragen worden samengevat in Tabellen 1 en 2.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1193\" height=\"547\" title=\"keuze_leren_niveaus\" src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-142724\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271193%27%20height%3D%27547%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201193%20547%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271193%27%20height%3D%27547%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels-200x92.png 200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels-400x183.png 400w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels-600x275.png 600w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels-800x367.png 800w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/choice_learn_levels.png 1193w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1193px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2020\" height=\"504\" title=\"Beeldschermafdruk 2024-10-07 \u00e0 14.12.15\" src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-142726\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272020%27%20height%3D%27504%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202020%20504%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272020%27%20height%3D%27504%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15-200x50.png 200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15-400x100.png 400w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15-600x150.png 600w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15-800x200.png 800w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15-1200x299.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.15.png 2020w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 2020px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2020\" height=\"852\" title=\"Beeldschermafdruk 2024-10-07 \u00e0 14.12.30\" src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-142725\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272020%27%20height%3D%27852%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202020%20852%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272020%27%20height%3D%27852%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30-200x84.png 200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30-400x169.png 400w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30-600x253.png 600w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30-800x337.png 800w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30-1200x506.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-a-14.12.30.png 2020w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 2020px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\">Verklaring van behoefte<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-3 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\">Data en schaalbaarheid van het model<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Het data-beheer van Choice-Learn is gebaseerd op NumPy (Harris et al., 2020) met als doel de geheugenvoetafdruk te beperken. Het minimaliseert de herhaling van items of klantkenmerken en stelt het samenvoegen van de volledige data-structuur uit tot het verwerken van batches van data. Het pakket introduceert het object FeaturesStorage, ge\u00efllustreerd in afbeelding 2, waarmee alleen naar kenmerkwaarden kan worden verwezen door hun ID. Deze waarden worden tijdens het batchproces on the fly vervangen door de ID placeholder. Supermarktkenmerken zoals oppervlakte of positie zijn bijvoorbeeld vaak stationair. Ze kunnen dus worden opgeslagen in een hulpstructuur data en in de hoofdstructuur data wordt alleen naar de opslagplaats waar de keuze is vastgelegd, verwezen met zijn ID.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Het pakket is gebaseerd op Tensorflow (Abadi et al., 2015) voor modelschatting en biedt de mogelijkheid om snelle quasi-Newton optimalisatiealgoritmen zoals L-BFGS (Nocedal &amp; Wright, 2006) en verschillende gradient-descent optimizers (Kingma &amp; Ba, 2017; Tieleman &amp; Hinton, 2012) te gebruiken, die gespecialiseerd zijn in het verwerken van batches van data. GPU-gebruik is ook mogelijk, wat tijdbesparend kan zijn. Tot slot zorgt de TensorFlow backbone voor een effici\u00ebnt gebruik in een productieomgeving, bijvoorbeeld binnen een assortiment aanbevelingssoftware, door middel van deployment en serving tools, zoals TFLite en TFServing.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1534\" height=\"1076\" title=\"kenmerken_opslag_3\" src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-142723\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271534%27%20height%3D%271076%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201534%201076%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271534%27%20height%3D%271076%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3-200x140.png 200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3-400x281.png 400w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3-600x421.png 600w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3-800x561.png 800w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3-1200x842.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/features_storage_3.png 1534w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1534px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-4 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\">Flexibel gebruik: Van lineair nut tot aangepaste specificatie<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Keuzemodellen volgens het principe van Random Utility Maximization (McFadden &amp; Train, 2000) defini\u00ebren het nut van een alternatief \ud835\udc56 \u2208 \ud835\udc9c als de som van een deterministisch deel \ud835\udc48 (\ud835\udc56) en een willekeurige fout \ud835\udf16\ud835\udc56. Als aangenomen wordt dat de termen (\ud835\udf16\ud835\udc56)\ud835\udc56\u2208\ud835\udc9c onafhankelijk en Gumbel-gedistribueerd zijn, kan de waarschijnlijkheid om alternatief \ud835\udc56 te kiezen geschreven worden als de softmax-normalisatie over de beschikbare alternatieven \ud835\udc57 \u2208 \ud835\udc9c:<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"110\" title=\"Beeldschermafbeelding 2024-10-07 142150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-142150.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-142150-300x110.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-142727\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27750%27%20height%3D%27274%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20750%20274%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27750%27%20height%3D%27274%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-142150-200x73.png 200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-142150-400x146.png 400w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-142150-600x219.png 600w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Capture-decran-2024-10-07-142150.png 750w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Het is de taak van de keuzemodelleerder om een geschikte nutsfunctie \ud835\udc48 (.) te formuleren, afhankelijk van de context. In Choice-Learn kan de gebruiker voorgedefinieerde modellen parametriseren of vrijelijk een aangepaste nutsfunctie specificeren. Om een aangepast model te declareren, moet men de klasse ChoiceModel erven en de methode compute_batch_utility overschrijven, zoals in de documentatie wordt getoond.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-5 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\">Bibliotheek van traditionele random utiliteitsmodellen en modellen op basis van machinaal leren<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Traditionele parametrische keuzemodellen, waaronder de Conditional Logit (Train et al., 1987), specificeren de nutsfunctie vaak in een lineaire vorm. Dit levert interpreteerbare co\u00ebffici\u00ebnten op, maar beperkt de voorspellende kracht van het model. Recente werken stellen de schatting van complexere modellen voor, met neurale netwerkbenaderingen (Aouad &amp; D\u00e9sir, 2022; Han et al., 2022) en boomgebaseerde modellen (Aouad et al., 2023; Salvad\u00e9 &amp; Hillel, 2024). Terwijl bestaande keuzebibliotheken (Bierlaire, 2023; Brathwaite &amp; Walker, 2018; Du et al., 2023) vaak niet ontworpen zijn om dergelijke op machine learning gebaseerde benaderingen te integreren, stelt Choice-Learn een verzameling voor die beide soorten modellen omvat.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-6 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\">Downstream activiteiten: Assortiment- en prijsoptimalisatie<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>Choice-Learn biedt extra hulpmiddelen voor downstream operaties, die meestal niet ge\u00efntegreerd zijn in bibliotheken met keuzemodellen. Assortimentsoptimalisatie is met name een veelvoorkomende toepassing waarbij een keuzemodel wordt gebruikt om de optimale subset van alternatieven te bepalen die aan klanten moet worden aangeboden om een bepaalde doelstelling te maximaliseren, zoals de verwachte opbrengst, het conversiepercentage of de sociale welvaart. Dit raamwerk omvat een verscheidenheid aan toepassingen zoals assortimentsplanning, optimalisatie van displaylocaties en prijsstelling. Wij bieden implementaties gebaseerd op de gemengde-integer programmeerformule beschreven in (M\u00e9ndez-D\u00edaz et al., 2014), met de optie om de oplosser te kiezen tussen Gurobi (Gurobi Optimization, LLC, 2023) en OR-Tools (Perron &amp; Furnon,2024).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-7 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;PT Serif&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:1.6px;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.47;\"><strong>Geheugengebruik: een casestudy<\/strong><\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.6;--awb-letter-spacing:var(--awb-typography4-letter-spacing);--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-text-font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);--awb-text-font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);--awb-text-font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);\"><p>We geven in Figuur 3 (a) numerieke voorbeelden van geheugengebruik om de effici\u00ebntie van FeaturesStorage aan te tonen. We beschouwen een kenmerk dat herhaald wordt in een dataset, zoals een \u00e9\u00e9n-hot-codering voor locaties, voorgesteld door een matrix van vorm (#locaties, #locaties) waarbij elke rij verwijst naar<br \/>\nnaar \u00e9\u00e9n locatie.<br \/>\nWe vergelijken vier data-verwerkingsmethoden op de Expedia dataset (Ben Hamner et al., 2013): pandas.DataFrames (The pandas development team, 2020) in lang en breed formaat, beide gebruikt in keuzemodelleerpakketten, Torch-Choice en Choice-Learn. Figuur 3 (b) toont de<br \/>\nresultaten voor verschillende steekproefgrootten.<br \/>\nTot slot observeren we in Figuur 3 (c) en (d) geheugengebruikswinsten op een eigen dataset in de detailhandel bestaande uit de aggregatie van meer dan 4 miljard aankopen in Konzum supermarkten in Kroati\u00eb. De dataset, die zich concentreert op de subcategorie koffie, specificeert voor elke aankoop welke producten beschikbaar waren, hun prijzen en een eenmalige weergave van de supermarkt.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-6 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1010\" height=\"882\" title=\"ram_gebruik_vergelijking\" src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-142722\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271010%27%20height%3D%27882%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201010%20882%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271010%27%20height%3D%27882%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison-200x175.png 200w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison-400x349.png 400w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison-600x524.png 600w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison-800x699.png 800w, https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/ram_usage_comparison.png 1010w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1010px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-margin-top:40px;--awb-margin-bottom:40px;--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-center fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:calc( 1440px + 20px );margin-left: calc(-20px \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-20px \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-center fusion-column-inner-bg-wrapper\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:40px;--awb-padding-right:40px;--awb-padding-bottom:40px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-overflow:hidden;--awb-inner-bg-position:left center;--awb-inner-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:rgba(10,17,40,0.1);--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-border-radius:4px 4px 4px 4px;--awb-inner-bg-border-radius:4px 4px 4px 4px;--awb-inner-bg-overflow:hidden;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:10px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:10px;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:10px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:10px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:10px;--awb-spacing-left-small:10px;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><span class=\"fusion-column-inner-bg hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-column-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/artefact-engineering-and-data-science\/modeling-customers-decisions-in-python-with-the-choice-learn-package-37752cb7932e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"fusion-column-inner-bg-image lazyload\" data-bg=\"https:\/\/artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/background.jpg\"><\/span><\/a><\/span><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-content-layout-column fusion-column-has-bg-image\" data-bg-url=\"https:\/\/artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/background.jpg\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-right:20px;--awb-margin-left:20px;--awb-max-width:150px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\"fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"72\" height=\"41\" title=\"middelgrote\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%2772%27%20height%3D%2741%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%2072%2041%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%2772%27%20height%3D%2741%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/artefact.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/medium.png\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-60927\"\/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-8 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:20px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:8px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;line-height:1.2;\">Medium Blog bij Artefact.<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:center;\"><p>Dit artikel werd oorspronkelijk gepubliceerd op Medium.com.<br \/>\nVolg ons op ons medium Blog !<\/p>\n<\/div><div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-medium button-default fusion-button-default button-2 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--button_text_transform:var(--awb-custom_typography_2-text-transform);--button_typography-letter-spacing:var(--awb-custom_typography_2-letter-spacing);--button_typography-font-family:var(--awb-custom_typography_2-font-family);--button_typography-font-weight:var(--awb-custom_typography_2-font-weight);--button_typography-font-style:var(--awb-custom_typography_2-font-style);\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hover=\"text_slide_down\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/artefact-engineering-and-data-science\/modeling-customers-decisions-in-python-with-the-choice-learn-package-37752cb7932e\"><div class=\"awb-button-text-transition  awb-button__hover-content--centered\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">Lees ons artikel<\/span><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">Lees ons artikel<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Discrete keuzemodellen zijn gericht op het voorspellen van keuzebeslissingen die individuen maken uit een menu van alternatieven, een zogenaamd assortiment. Bekende toepassingen zijn bijvoorbeeld het voorspellen van de keuze van een forens voor een bepaalde vervoerswijze of de aankopen van een klant.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":143200,"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"blog-category":[21939],"blog-language":[2991,2993],"class_list":["post-132194","blog","type-blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","blog-category-medium","blog-language-en","blog-language-fr"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog\/132194","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/143200"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=132194"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"blog-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog-category?post=132194"},{"taxonomy":"blog-language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.artefact.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog-language?post=132194"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}